Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2016;40(1):E179–81.KIM M, WELCH, Tanis.
Untreated cases could results in major complications like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, infertility, miscarriage, fetal death and congenital infections. The rRNA methylases can cause macrolide resistance through blocking of macrolide binding to 23S rRNA by methylating an adenosine residue at position 2058 (A recent study in UK by Chisholm and his research team have demonstrated that high-level azithromycin resistance in gonococci result from a single point mutation (A2059G) in the peptidyltransferase loop in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene.
2011;134(4):419–31.Lancaster JW, Mahoney MV, Mandal S, Lawrence KR. There are a number of studies conducted on the AMR profile of gonococci and reported greater than 33% level of azithromycin resistance globally. 2015;61(7):1043–8. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2019;9(49). Emergence of quinolone resistance and cephalosporin MIC creep in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from a cohort of young men in Kisumu, Kenya, 2002 to 2009. Euro Surveill. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;18(1):018–2944.Bercot B, Belkacem A, Goubard A, Mougari F, Sednaoui P, La Ruche G, et al.
Azithromycin resistance and decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Hawaii. Clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in the United States with resistance to azithromycin possess mutations in all 23S rRNA alleles and the mtrR coding region.
Gonococcal infections. Part of The rationale for gonococcal combination therapy includes using different antimicrobials with different mechanisms of action to potentially mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. Cole MJ, Spiteri G, Jacobsson S, Pitt R, Grigorjev V, Unemo M. Is the tide turning again for cephalosporin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Europe? High-level azithromycin resistance occurs in Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a result of a single point mutation in the 23S rRNA genes. Neisseria gonorrhoeae host adaptation and pathogenesis. Azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Guangzhou, China (2009-2013): coevolution with decreased susceptibilities to ceftriaxone and genetic characteristics. I was badly injured by a catheter after my recent spine surgery resulted into urethral stricture in bulbous region. Gonorrhea has been treated with antibiotics for more than eight decades. In vitro assessment of dual drug combinations to inhibit growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At this time, a number of studies are supporting the continued use of azithromycin in a combination therapy regimen for gonorrhea. Global resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: when theory becomes reality. Australian Gonococcal surveillance Programme, 1 July to 30 September 2015. 2017;17(1):017–2713.Leopold SJ, van Leth F, Tarekegn H, Schultsz C. Antimicrobial drug resistance among clinically relevant bacterial isolates in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. With no alternative antimicrobial treatment options for gonorrhoea and only a few new drugs in the development pipeline, AMR to extended spectrum cephalosporins and Azithromycin among Moreover, it has become substantive to initiate and sustained national and international efforts to reduce misuse of antibiotics so as to prevent further emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Although the drug is generally well-tolerated and associated with few adverse effects, therapy with azithromycin should be administered cautiously in patients with liver and/or biliary disease. 2015;60(1):621–3.Martin I, Sawatzky P, Liu G, Allen V, Lefebvre B, Hoang L, et al. 2010;54(9):3812–6.Wind CM, de Vries E, van der Loeff MF S, van Rooijen MS, van Dam AP, WHB D, et al.
Clin Infect Dis. Nat Rev Microbiol. A high prevalence rate of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) has been reported in Asia. 2015;156(6):226–9.Regnath T, Mertes T, Ignatius R. Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in south-West Germany, 2004 to 2015: increasing minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline but no resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2008.Wu A, Buono S, Katz KA, Pandori MW. APRd C-L, Barros dos Santos KT, Moreira BM, SEL F, Bonelli RR. This addition increases the stability with no change on the mechanism of action.
ceftriaxone based therapy is the only remaining option for gonorrhea. PeerJ.
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